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What is normal blood sugar level is a common question for anyone who is at risk for illness or diseases related to fluctuations in blood glucose amounts. Glucose, the main source of energy source found in human and animal cells, is a form of sugar (or glucose) that is found in the blood stream. Glucose comes into the body whenever foods containing carbohydrates are consumed. Glucose levels are managed via the hormones glucagon and insulin. Insulin is is produced by the pancreas organ. When proper amounts of insulin are present in the body, it is released into the blood stream whenever blood glucose levels increase.
When measuring glucose, normal levels are between 70 and 150 mg/dl. These levels are usually determined to be lower in the morning hours and begin their increase when food is eaten. If blood sugar levels are elevated over 150 mg/dl, the person is at a risk for high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia. If blood glucose levels fall below 70 mg/dl, the person is at risk for low blood sugar, also known as hypoglycemia. So - when asked what is normal blood sugar level, keep the range of 70-150 mg/dl in mind.
Persons with issues related either to high or low blood glucose levels are at risk for serious health risks including diseases to the heart, pancreas, eyes and urinary tract - just to name a few. If issues related to blood glucose amounts are found at an early stage, chances are the person can make some lifestyle changes to reduce or eliminate the risk of becoming diagnosed as an insulin-dependent diabetic.
CLICK HERE to get more information on maintaining a normal blood sugar level.
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Sunday, July 26, 2009
Your Pulse and Your Target Heart Rate
Your Pulse and Your Target Heart Rate
What is your pulse?Your pulse is your heart rate, or the number of times your heart beats in one minute. Pulse rates vary from person to person. Your pulse is lower when you are at rest and increases when you exercise (because more oxygen-rich blood is needed by the body when you exercise).
Knowing how to take your pulse can help you evaluate your exercise program.
How to take your pulse1. Place the tips of your index, second, and third fingers on the palm side of your other wrist, below the base of the thumb. Or, place the tips of your index and second fingers on your lower neck, on either side of your windpipe. (See the illustrations to the right.)
2. Press lightly with your fingers until you feel the blood pulsing beneath your fingers. You might need to move your fingers around slightly up or down until you feel the pulsing.
3. Use a watch with a second hand, or look at a clock with a second hand.
4. Count the beats you feel for 10 seconds. Multiply this number by six to get your heart rate (pulse) per minute.
Check your pulse: _______________ x 6 = ________________ (beats in 10 seconds) (your pulse)
What is a normal pulse?
Age Group
Normal Heart Rate at Rest
Children (ages 6-15)
70-100 beats per minute
Adults (age 18 and over)
60-100 beats per minute
What is maximum heart rate?The maximum heart rate is the highest your pulse rate can get. To calculate your predicted maximum heart rate, use this formula:
220 - Your Age = Predicted Maximum Heart Rate
Example: a 40-year-old's predicted maximum heart rate is 180.
Your actual maximum heart rate can be determined by a graded exercise test.
Please note that some medicines and medical conditions might affect your maximum heart rate. If you are taking medicines or have a medical condition (such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes), always ask your doctor if your maximum heart rate/target heart rate will be affected. If so, your heart rate ranges for exercise should be prescribed by your doctor or an exercise specialist.
Target heart rateYou gain the most benefits and lessen the risks when you exercise in your target heart rate zone. Usually this is when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60 percent to 80 percent of your maximum heart rate. In some cases, your health care provider might decrease your target heart rate zone to begin with 50 percent.
Do not exercise above 85 percent of your maximum heart rate. This increases both cardiovascular and orthopaedic risk and does not add any extra benefit.
Always check with your health care provider before starting an exercise program. Your health care provider can help you find a program and target heart rate zone that match your needs, goals, and physical condition.
When beginning an exercise program, you might need to gradually build up to a level that is within your target heart rate zone, especially if you have not exercised regularly before. If the exercise feels too hard, slow down. You will reduce your risk of injury and enjoy the exercise more if you don't try to over-do it.
To find out if you are exercising in your target zone (between 60 percent and 80 percent of your maximum heart rate), stop exercising and check your 10-second pulse. If your pulse is below your target zone (see the chart below), increase your rate of exercise. If your pulse is above your target zone, decrease your rate of exercise.
Age
Target Heart Rate (HR) Zone (60-85%)
Predicted Maximum Heart Rate
20
120-170
200
25
117-166
195
30
114-162
190
35
111-157
185
40
108-153
180
45
105-149
175
50
102-145
170
55
99-140
165
60
96-136
160
65
93-132
155
70
90-128
150
Your actual values
Target HR
Max. HR
© Copyright 1995-2009 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. All rights reserved
This information is provided by the Cleveland Clinic and is not intended to replace the medical advice of your doctor or health care provider. Please consult your health care provider for advice about a specific medical condition. For additional written health information, please contact the Health Information Center at the Cleveland Clinic (216) 444-3771 or toll-free (800) 223-2273 extension 43771 or visit
What is a healthy resting heart rate? Is yours healthy
heart beat for women
On paper it would seem that Lance Armstrong has one of the healthiest heart rates in the world. His heart only beats 32 times per minute. That is a really healthy heart.
But what about the rest of us? What is a good resting heart rate?
WARNING - Never use this blog or any blog to diagnose heart problems. This is just fun information. Always consult your doctor if you have a heart problem.
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What is a good, healthy resting heart rate
Your resting heart rate is how many times your heart beats per minute. The measurement should be taken when you are laying down and breathing normally and most health professionals say it is best to check it in the morning after a good nights sleep.
The heart rate is often used as a measure of a persons physically fitness and as such it is good to measure it now and again.
A resting heart rate for women is considered “normal” if it is between about 70-80 beats per minute. However, I would advise that those reading Real Women’s Fitness should have a much better resting heart rate than that! After all, we are hardcore athletes!
My resting heart rate is about 47-50 beats per minute.
Discuss fitness & heart rates on our forum!
What affects your resting heart rate?
The resting heart rate is affected by:
age
sex (men are lower usually)
physical fitness
some drugs/medication
genetics
anxiety
Some people simply have a higher/lower resting heart rate that cannot be attributed to any specific cause. Many scientific studies have shown that a resting heart rate really isn’t an effective way of measuring the health of a person although they say anything above about 84 beats per minute is erring on dangerous.
A better measurement of physical fitness
I would like to argue, however, that a much better method of checking your physical fitness is to measure your heart rate after exercise and see how long it takes to get back to resting rate. This is called the recovery rate and is much more important when looking at how fit you are.
Target heart rate
When exercising some people like to know how fast their heart should be beating to maximize their weight loss or fitness potential. I have never really been interested in all that though as it seems like an overly complicated exercise. I know when I’m making progress. Here is some more on target heart rates.
Lowering Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is also an idication of a healthy heart and something older people should pay attention to. A lot of people want to know how to lower their blood pressure and this clinically proven device is one such way. Doctors recommend the Resperate Duo blood pressure lowering device as one of the best methods on the market. Check it out here.
Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease
Finally I would like to suggest some further reading. There are many books about the heart but Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease is the most important. Dr. Esselstyn conducted the biggest research and came up with the most accurate results. If you want to learn about how the heart works and what you can do to lengthen your life by protecting the heart then this book is for you. I suggest anyone who is over 40 reads it.
On paper it would seem that Lance Armstrong has one of the healthiest heart rates in the world. His heart only beats 32 times per minute. That is a really healthy heart.
But what about the rest of us? What is a good resting heart rate?
WARNING - Never use this blog or any blog to diagnose heart problems. This is just fun information. Always consult your doctor if you have a heart problem.
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What is a good, healthy resting heart rate
Your resting heart rate is how many times your heart beats per minute. The measurement should be taken when you are laying down and breathing normally and most health professionals say it is best to check it in the morning after a good nights sleep.
The heart rate is often used as a measure of a persons physically fitness and as such it is good to measure it now and again.
A resting heart rate for women is considered “normal” if it is between about 70-80 beats per minute. However, I would advise that those reading Real Women’s Fitness should have a much better resting heart rate than that! After all, we are hardcore athletes!
My resting heart rate is about 47-50 beats per minute.
Discuss fitness & heart rates on our forum!
What affects your resting heart rate?
The resting heart rate is affected by:
age
sex (men are lower usually)
physical fitness
some drugs/medication
genetics
anxiety
Some people simply have a higher/lower resting heart rate that cannot be attributed to any specific cause. Many scientific studies have shown that a resting heart rate really isn’t an effective way of measuring the health of a person although they say anything above about 84 beats per minute is erring on dangerous.
A better measurement of physical fitness
I would like to argue, however, that a much better method of checking your physical fitness is to measure your heart rate after exercise and see how long it takes to get back to resting rate. This is called the recovery rate and is much more important when looking at how fit you are.
Target heart rate
When exercising some people like to know how fast their heart should be beating to maximize their weight loss or fitness potential. I have never really been interested in all that though as it seems like an overly complicated exercise. I know when I’m making progress. Here is some more on target heart rates.
Lowering Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is also an idication of a healthy heart and something older people should pay attention to. A lot of people want to know how to lower their blood pressure and this clinically proven device is one such way. Doctors recommend the Resperate Duo blood pressure lowering device as one of the best methods on the market. Check it out here.
Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease
Finally I would like to suggest some further reading. There are many books about the heart but Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease is the most important. Dr. Esselstyn conducted the biggest research and came up with the most accurate results. If you want to learn about how the heart works and what you can do to lengthen your life by protecting the heart then this book is for you. I suggest anyone who is over 40 reads it.
Saturday, July 25, 2009
What's a Normal Blood Pressure?
A wealth of information is available about blood pressure, and sometimes the most important points get lost or confused. Although we often hear announcements in the press about new or revised blood-pressure guidelines, the basic facts haven't really changed much over the past several decades.
Blood pressure is measured by two numbers. The systolic pressure (the "top" number) is the highest pressure inside your arteries, measured at the moment when your heart is contracting.
It's the active part of a heartbeat. In contrast, the diastolic pressure (the "bottom" number) is the lowest pressure in your arteries, measured while your heart is relaxing between beats.
Experts have long debated whether the systolic or diastolic pressure is more important for health. The current evidence suggests that the systolic is a little more important, but the simple answer is that both numbers matter.
Let's review some of the basic facts about blood pressure.
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 or below. I'm often asked, "What is a normal blood pressure for my age?" The answer is much simpler than most people realize: Less than 120/80. While it's true that blood pressure tends to rise with age, that's no reason to feel complacent: Such a rise will always carry with it an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and other complications of high blood pressure (hypertension).
Blood pressure normally varies throughout the day, often by 40 points or more. Exercise and stress are especially likely to increase it, while relaxation and sleep will usually lower it. Standing up or talking, for example, can increase blood pressure by 10 or more points. Even simply worrying about blood pressure will increase it. If your blood pressure is only high when you're exercising or when you're at the doctor's office, that's okay. But if it's high even part of the time in routine situations, that is abnormal and deserves treatment.
High blood pressure is anything above 120/80. However, mild elevations beyond those numbers only slightly increase the risk of significant health problems. We generally don't prescribe medication to bring down blood pressure until the systolic reaches 140 or the diastolic reaches 90. The exception is for people with diabetes or impaired kidney function, in whom we use medication for anything above 130/80. That's because people with diabetes and kidney disease are already at higher risk for heart attack and stroke.
Treating high blood pressure takes more than just medication. If your blood pressure is ever above 120/80, you can improve your overall health by lowering it, even if you don't need medication. Losing weight, exercising regularly, and limiting your sodium (salt) and alcohol intakes are proven ways of reducing blood pressure. Such treatments don't cost any money and the only side effect is likely to be improved health!
Blood pressure is measured by two numbers. The systolic pressure (the "top" number) is the highest pressure inside your arteries, measured at the moment when your heart is contracting.
It's the active part of a heartbeat. In contrast, the diastolic pressure (the "bottom" number) is the lowest pressure in your arteries, measured while your heart is relaxing between beats.
Experts have long debated whether the systolic or diastolic pressure is more important for health. The current evidence suggests that the systolic is a little more important, but the simple answer is that both numbers matter.
Let's review some of the basic facts about blood pressure.
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 or below. I'm often asked, "What is a normal blood pressure for my age?" The answer is much simpler than most people realize: Less than 120/80. While it's true that blood pressure tends to rise with age, that's no reason to feel complacent: Such a rise will always carry with it an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and other complications of high blood pressure (hypertension).
Blood pressure normally varies throughout the day, often by 40 points or more. Exercise and stress are especially likely to increase it, while relaxation and sleep will usually lower it. Standing up or talking, for example, can increase blood pressure by 10 or more points. Even simply worrying about blood pressure will increase it. If your blood pressure is only high when you're exercising or when you're at the doctor's office, that's okay. But if it's high even part of the time in routine situations, that is abnormal and deserves treatment.
High blood pressure is anything above 120/80. However, mild elevations beyond those numbers only slightly increase the risk of significant health problems. We generally don't prescribe medication to bring down blood pressure until the systolic reaches 140 or the diastolic reaches 90. The exception is for people with diabetes or impaired kidney function, in whom we use medication for anything above 130/80. That's because people with diabetes and kidney disease are already at higher risk for heart attack and stroke.
Treating high blood pressure takes more than just medication. If your blood pressure is ever above 120/80, you can improve your overall health by lowering it, even if you don't need medication. Losing weight, exercising regularly, and limiting your sodium (salt) and alcohol intakes are proven ways of reducing blood pressure. Such treatments don't cost any money and the only side effect is likely to be improved health!
Blood Pressure Chart
What is your adult Blood Pressure?What is normal blood pressure?What is normal blood pressure range?What is high blood pressure?This page answers these questions.
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.Systolic vs. Diastolic Blood Pressure Range - Units = millimeters of mercury
Human Blood Pressure Range Diagram
The 1st Number: Systolic pressure is the pressure generated when the heart contracts.The 2nd Number: Diastolic pressure is the blood pressure when the heart is relaxed.What is Normal Blood Pressure? Buy and use an automatic blood pressure monitor. Compare your BP reading with the numbers on the chart above. Draw a line from your systolic pressure to your diastolic pressure. Is the slope of the line about the same as shown on the chart? Where do YOU fit in? What are your risk factors?Are your blood pressure readings within the normal blood pressure range?Should you take anti-hypertension medication to lower your blood pressure?Normal human daily Blood Pressure Range can vary widely, so any single blood pressure monitor reading is not reliable. BP monitor readings must be taken at different times of day, to determine AVERAGE blood pressure levels over time.What is important is your AVERAGE BP, or MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) over time.Or, where are those numbers sitting MOST of the time?Normal MAP is about 93 mm of mercury.Lowering High Blood Pressure TacticsDownload a 1-page printable .PDF file of the Blood Pressure Chart above.For the scientists among you: The pressure of 1mm of mercury = 0.019337 PSI. A systolic blood pressure of 2 PSI is good, a systolic blood pressure of 3 PSI is not good.
Top of page
Blood Pressure Range Chart NotesNORMAL BLOOD PRESSUREBP READINGS RANGE
HIGH Blood Pressure Symptoms -Stressed, Sedentary, Bloated, Weak, FailingSystolic - Diastolic210 - 120 - Stage 4 High Blood Pressure180 - 110 - Stage 3 High Blood Pressure160 - 100 - Stage 2 High Blood Pressure140 - 90 - Stage 1 High Blood Pressure140 - 90 - BORDERLINE HIGH130 - 85 - High Normal120 - 80 - NORMAL Blood Pressure110 - 75 - Low Normal 90 - 60 - BORDERLINE LOW 60 - 40 - TOO LOW Blood Pressure 50 - 33 - DANGER Blood PressureLOW Blood Pressure Symptoms -Weak, Tired, Dizzy, Fainting, Coma
.Blood Pressure Levels TableHere is essentially the same informationpresented above, in tabular format,with notes at the bottom.
Comment
Systolic
Diastolic
S - D Delta
MAP
Far, Far, FarTOO HIGHMedication IsABSOLUTELYNECESSARYTo PreventHeart Attackand Stroke
230
135
95
167
225
130
95
162
220
130
90
160
215
125
90
155
210
125
85
153
205
120
85
148
200
120
80
147
195
115
80
142
190
115
75
140
185
110
75
135
Way Too High -Medication IsSTRONGLY ADVISED
180
110
70
133
175
105
70
128
170
105
65
127
165
100
65
122
Too High -Most DoctorsWill Prescribe Meds
160
100
60
120
155
95
60
115
150
95
55
113
Borderline -Some DoctorsWill Prescribe Meds
145
90
55
108
140
90
50
107
135
85
50
102
GoodVery GoodExcellent
130
85
45
100
125
80
45
95
120
80
40
93
115
75
40
88
110
70
40
83
105
70
35
82
Children and Athletes
100
65
35
77
95
65
30
75
90
60
30
70
Too Low -Meds May BeRequired ToPrevent Fainting(Syncope)
85
55
30
65
80
55
25
63
75
50
25
58
70
50
20
57
Far, Far, FarToo Low -MEDICATIONREQUIRED
65
45
20
52
60
45
15
50
55
40
15
45
50
35
15
43
180
60
60
60
60
Notes for the above BP table :
1. Why did I do this? I searched high and low on the Internet, and I could find nothing like this in one place - a Summary of human BP range, the Averages, and the Comments relating to each BP level.2. How did I get the numbers? I started with the commonly seen "Systolic/ Diastolic pairs" seen in the literature - 200/120, 160/100, 140/90, 120/80 and 90/60. From there, I interpolated and extrapolated all the other numbers. Note that these are AVERAGE relationships. For instance, instead of 140/90, your BP may be 140/100, or 140/80. Each individual will have a unique systolic-diastolic relationship. If your S/D difference varies significantly from the averages shown above, this can be helpful in assessing your particular cardiovascular condition.3. For comparison purposes, I added the "delta" column, which is the difference between the Systolic and Diastolic pressure readings. This relationship is almost linear, with the exceptions of the 40 delta, the 30 delta, and the 15 delta.4. As for the comments, I have "averaged" the references made in the literature, since not all doctors agree upon the pressures at which to treat, and how aggressively to treat (multiple medications, type of meds, etc.). You can rest assured that the pharmaceutical companies prefer that you take medication at 135/80, since they sell the meds. Most doctors are not so aggressive. Remember that ALL medications have side effects. Heart medications have more serious side effects than any other class of prescription drugs.5. Be aware of the "Circadian Rhythm" cycle. Your Blood Pressure is highly influenced by the time of day. For normal people, the highest BP occurs about midday, and the lowest at about 3-4 AM in the morning. For some people, described as "non-dippers", this early morning BP dip does not occur. For these people, highest blood pressure usually occurs around 6 AM to 9 AM in the morning. Some doctors are not aware of this, and make erroneous assumptions. A non-dipper may see 150/95 in the morning, and 130/85 in the evening. Non-dipping is usually associated with abnormal sleep conditions, such as sleep apnea, heavy snoring, drug and alcohol abuse, etc.6. One blood pressure reading means very little. The advice to "Have your blood pressure checked once a year" is useless. What time of day? Had you eaten less salty foods recently? Were you relaxed that day, when you are usually much more stressed? Had you recently exercised vigorously? You must check your BP far more often than once a year, especially if you show "borderline" readings. I can produce a very low, or very high blood pressure AT WILL, based upon what I do during the 24 hours prior to the measurement.7. Beware of "white coat syndrome", which results in a much higher BP reading than normal, due to the authoritative doctor, the foreboding, sterile exam room, and the smells such as alcohol and disinfectant. All this is not relaxing. Some unaware doctors may prescribe medication, when in fact, you don't need it at all. As soon as you leave the office, your BP returns to normal. This is another great reason to use your own automatic BP wrist monitor, so that you come to know your own body, and the effects of stress, food, mood, sleep, and time of day.8. MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure. Three formulas are used to compute MAP. All three produce very similar results.Above, I used -MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP - DP)Ideal Mean Arterial Pressure is defined as 93 mm of mercury, which corresponds to 120/80.
DisclaimerThe author is not a doctor. I am simply a data analyst.NO PERSONAL MEDICAL ADVICE IS OFFERED OR IMPLIED.If you have a heart condition, see a medical professional.Statements on this page may NOT be correct. These are just my personal thoughts. The sole purpose of this page is to encourage further research on your part. I hope that you have found this high blood pressure information page helpful. Buy and use an automated blood pressure monitor, to track your own heart health.Thank you very much for your time.
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.Systolic vs. Diastolic Blood Pressure Range - Units = millimeters of mercury
Human Blood Pressure Range Diagram
The 1st Number: Systolic pressure is the pressure generated when the heart contracts.The 2nd Number: Diastolic pressure is the blood pressure when the heart is relaxed.What is Normal Blood Pressure? Buy and use an automatic blood pressure monitor. Compare your BP reading with the numbers on the chart above. Draw a line from your systolic pressure to your diastolic pressure. Is the slope of the line about the same as shown on the chart? Where do YOU fit in? What are your risk factors?Are your blood pressure readings within the normal blood pressure range?Should you take anti-hypertension medication to lower your blood pressure?Normal human daily Blood Pressure Range can vary widely, so any single blood pressure monitor reading is not reliable. BP monitor readings must be taken at different times of day, to determine AVERAGE blood pressure levels over time.What is important is your AVERAGE BP, or MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) over time.Or, where are those numbers sitting MOST of the time?Normal MAP is about 93 mm of mercury.Lowering High Blood Pressure TacticsDownload a 1-page printable .PDF file of the Blood Pressure Chart above.For the scientists among you: The pressure of 1mm of mercury = 0.019337 PSI. A systolic blood pressure of 2 PSI is good, a systolic blood pressure of 3 PSI is not good.
Top of page
Blood Pressure Range Chart NotesNORMAL BLOOD PRESSUREBP READINGS RANGE
HIGH Blood Pressure Symptoms -Stressed, Sedentary, Bloated, Weak, FailingSystolic - Diastolic210 - 120 - Stage 4 High Blood Pressure180 - 110 - Stage 3 High Blood Pressure160 - 100 - Stage 2 High Blood Pressure140 - 90 - Stage 1 High Blood Pressure140 - 90 - BORDERLINE HIGH130 - 85 - High Normal120 - 80 - NORMAL Blood Pressure110 - 75 - Low Normal 90 - 60 - BORDERLINE LOW 60 - 40 - TOO LOW Blood Pressure 50 - 33 - DANGER Blood PressureLOW Blood Pressure Symptoms -Weak, Tired, Dizzy, Fainting, Coma
.Blood Pressure Levels TableHere is essentially the same informationpresented above, in tabular format,with notes at the bottom.
Comment
Systolic
Diastolic
S - D Delta
MAP
Far, Far, FarTOO HIGHMedication IsABSOLUTELYNECESSARYTo PreventHeart Attackand Stroke
230
135
95
167
225
130
95
162
220
130
90
160
215
125
90
155
210
125
85
153
205
120
85
148
200
120
80
147
195
115
80
142
190
115
75
140
185
110
75
135
Way Too High -Medication IsSTRONGLY ADVISED
180
110
70
133
175
105
70
128
170
105
65
127
165
100
65
122
Too High -Most DoctorsWill Prescribe Meds
160
100
60
120
155
95
60
115
150
95
55
113
Borderline -Some DoctorsWill Prescribe Meds
145
90
55
108
140
90
50
107
135
85
50
102
GoodVery GoodExcellent
130
85
45
100
125
80
45
95
120
80
40
93
115
75
40
88
110
70
40
83
105
70
35
82
Children and Athletes
100
65
35
77
95
65
30
75
90
60
30
70
Too Low -Meds May BeRequired ToPrevent Fainting(Syncope)
85
55
30
65
80
55
25
63
75
50
25
58
70
50
20
57
Far, Far, FarToo Low -MEDICATIONREQUIRED
65
45
20
52
60
45
15
50
55
40
15
45
50
35
15
43
180
60
60
60
60
Notes for the above BP table :
1. Why did I do this? I searched high and low on the Internet, and I could find nothing like this in one place - a Summary of human BP range, the Averages, and the Comments relating to each BP level.2. How did I get the numbers? I started with the commonly seen "Systolic/ Diastolic pairs" seen in the literature - 200/120, 160/100, 140/90, 120/80 and 90/60. From there, I interpolated and extrapolated all the other numbers. Note that these are AVERAGE relationships. For instance, instead of 140/90, your BP may be 140/100, or 140/80. Each individual will have a unique systolic-diastolic relationship. If your S/D difference varies significantly from the averages shown above, this can be helpful in assessing your particular cardiovascular condition.3. For comparison purposes, I added the "delta" column, which is the difference between the Systolic and Diastolic pressure readings. This relationship is almost linear, with the exceptions of the 40 delta, the 30 delta, and the 15 delta.4. As for the comments, I have "averaged" the references made in the literature, since not all doctors agree upon the pressures at which to treat, and how aggressively to treat (multiple medications, type of meds, etc.). You can rest assured that the pharmaceutical companies prefer that you take medication at 135/80, since they sell the meds. Most doctors are not so aggressive. Remember that ALL medications have side effects. Heart medications have more serious side effects than any other class of prescription drugs.5. Be aware of the "Circadian Rhythm" cycle. Your Blood Pressure is highly influenced by the time of day. For normal people, the highest BP occurs about midday, and the lowest at about 3-4 AM in the morning. For some people, described as "non-dippers", this early morning BP dip does not occur. For these people, highest blood pressure usually occurs around 6 AM to 9 AM in the morning. Some doctors are not aware of this, and make erroneous assumptions. A non-dipper may see 150/95 in the morning, and 130/85 in the evening. Non-dipping is usually associated with abnormal sleep conditions, such as sleep apnea, heavy snoring, drug and alcohol abuse, etc.6. One blood pressure reading means very little. The advice to "Have your blood pressure checked once a year" is useless. What time of day? Had you eaten less salty foods recently? Were you relaxed that day, when you are usually much more stressed? Had you recently exercised vigorously? You must check your BP far more often than once a year, especially if you show "borderline" readings. I can produce a very low, or very high blood pressure AT WILL, based upon what I do during the 24 hours prior to the measurement.7. Beware of "white coat syndrome", which results in a much higher BP reading than normal, due to the authoritative doctor, the foreboding, sterile exam room, and the smells such as alcohol and disinfectant. All this is not relaxing. Some unaware doctors may prescribe medication, when in fact, you don't need it at all. As soon as you leave the office, your BP returns to normal. This is another great reason to use your own automatic BP wrist monitor, so that you come to know your own body, and the effects of stress, food, mood, sleep, and time of day.8. MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure. Three formulas are used to compute MAP. All three produce very similar results.Above, I used -MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP - DP)Ideal Mean Arterial Pressure is defined as 93 mm of mercury, which corresponds to 120/80.
DisclaimerThe author is not a doctor. I am simply a data analyst.NO PERSONAL MEDICAL ADVICE IS OFFERED OR IMPLIED.If you have a heart condition, see a medical professional.Statements on this page may NOT be correct. These are just my personal thoughts. The sole purpose of this page is to encourage further research on your part. I hope that you have found this high blood pressure information page helpful. Buy and use an automated blood pressure monitor, to track your own heart health.Thank you very much for your time.
What Causes Low Blood Pressure?
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Question: What Causes Low Blood Pressure?
Answer:
Many things can make your blood pressure too low. These range in severity from normal changes caused by pregnancy to dangerous underlying conditions, like heart problems or hormone disturbances. Some low blood pressure causes are simple cases of dehydration brought on by vomiting, intense exercise, or the overuse of diuretics. Some studies have shown that a dehydration-induced weight loss of 1 percent is enough to trigger dizziness, confusion, or other symptoms of low blood pressure.
One especially important cause of low blood pressure is orthostatic hypotension, which is sometimes referred to as postural hypotension. This happens when blood pressure drops rapidly during changes to body position--usually when changing from sitting to standing--inducing classic signs that the blood pressure is too low, like dizziness, blurry vision, and fainting.
Other important causes of low blood pressure include:
Heart problems that cause low heart rate, diminished heart strength, or a decrease in the amount of blood supplied to the body
Normal changes associated with the first and second trimesters of pregnancy
Side effects from certain medications, especially diuretics or other high blood pressure medications, like beta blockers. Medicines used to treat erectile dysfunction and certain psychiatric disorders can also cause low blood pressure.
Hormone problems such as adrenal insufficiency or thyroid disease (overactive or underactive thyroid)
Problems with the nervous system--especially disorders of the autonomic nervous system, including POTS and vasovagal syncope--can cause low blood pressure after extended periods of standing.
Deficiencies of essential nutrients, such as folic acid, can cause the number of red blood cells to decrease (anemia)
Alterations in blood sugar, like those caused by diabetes
Age: Some older patients, especially those with existing high blood pressure, can experience postprandial hypotension, where the blood pressure drops suddenly after eating a large meal While most cases of low blood pressure are not considered medical problems, cases where the low blood pressure is accompanied by symptoms should always be evaluated by a physician. A complete medical workup will often be needed in order to rule out the possibility of an underlying disorder.
More About Low Blood Pressure:
What is Low Blood Pressure?
Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure
Low Blood Pressure Causes
Sources:
Christensen KL, Mulvany MJ. Vasodilatation, Not Hypotension, Improves Resistance Vessel Design During Treatment of Essential Hypertension: A Literature Survey.Journal of Hypertension. 2001 Jun;19(6):1001-6.
Palma Gamiz JL, et al. Iberian Multicenter Imidapril Study on Hypertension: A twelve-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, noninferiority trial of the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of imidapril and candesartan in adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: the Iberian Multicenter Imidapril Study on Hypertension (IMISH).
Shin DD, et al. Review of Current and Investigational Pharmacologic Agents for Acute Heart Failure syndromes. American Journal of Cardiology. 2007 Jan 22;99(2A):4A-23A.
Verheij J, et al. Cardiac response is greater for colloid than saline fluid loading after cardiac or vascular surgery. Intensive Care Medicine. 2006 Jul;32(7):1030-8.
Eldadah BA, et al. Failure of propranolol to prevent tilt-evoked systemic vasodilatation, adrenaline release and neurocardiogenic syncope. Clinical Science (London). 2006 Sep;111(3):209-16.
Naschitz JE, Slobodin G, Elias N, Rosner I. The patient with supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension: a clinical dilemma.Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2006 Apr;82(966):246-53.
Tipre DN, Goldstein DS. Cardiac and extracardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease with orthostatic hypotension and in pure autonomic failure. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2005 Nov;46(11):1775-81.
Peacock WF 4th, et al. Observation unit treatment of heart failure with nesiritide: results from the proaction trial. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2005 Oct;29(3):243-52.
More High Blood Pressure Q&A
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Low Blood Pressure (hypotension)
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Question: What Causes Low Blood Pressure?
Answer:
Many things can make your blood pressure too low. These range in severity from normal changes caused by pregnancy to dangerous underlying conditions, like heart problems or hormone disturbances. Some low blood pressure causes are simple cases of dehydration brought on by vomiting, intense exercise, or the overuse of diuretics. Some studies have shown that a dehydration-induced weight loss of 1 percent is enough to trigger dizziness, confusion, or other symptoms of low blood pressure.
One especially important cause of low blood pressure is orthostatic hypotension, which is sometimes referred to as postural hypotension. This happens when blood pressure drops rapidly during changes to body position--usually when changing from sitting to standing--inducing classic signs that the blood pressure is too low, like dizziness, blurry vision, and fainting.
Other important causes of low blood pressure include:
Heart problems that cause low heart rate, diminished heart strength, or a decrease in the amount of blood supplied to the body
Normal changes associated with the first and second trimesters of pregnancy
Side effects from certain medications, especially diuretics or other high blood pressure medications, like beta blockers. Medicines used to treat erectile dysfunction and certain psychiatric disorders can also cause low blood pressure.
Hormone problems such as adrenal insufficiency or thyroid disease (overactive or underactive thyroid)
Problems with the nervous system--especially disorders of the autonomic nervous system, including POTS and vasovagal syncope--can cause low blood pressure after extended periods of standing.
Deficiencies of essential nutrients, such as folic acid, can cause the number of red blood cells to decrease (anemia)
Alterations in blood sugar, like those caused by diabetes
Age: Some older patients, especially those with existing high blood pressure, can experience postprandial hypotension, where the blood pressure drops suddenly after eating a large meal While most cases of low blood pressure are not considered medical problems, cases where the low blood pressure is accompanied by symptoms should always be evaluated by a physician. A complete medical workup will often be needed in order to rule out the possibility of an underlying disorder.
More About Low Blood Pressure:
What is Low Blood Pressure?
Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure
Low Blood Pressure Causes
Sources:
Christensen KL, Mulvany MJ. Vasodilatation, Not Hypotension, Improves Resistance Vessel Design During Treatment of Essential Hypertension: A Literature Survey.Journal of Hypertension. 2001 Jun;19(6):1001-6.
Palma Gamiz JL, et al. Iberian Multicenter Imidapril Study on Hypertension: A twelve-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, noninferiority trial of the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of imidapril and candesartan in adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: the Iberian Multicenter Imidapril Study on Hypertension (IMISH).
Shin DD, et al. Review of Current and Investigational Pharmacologic Agents for Acute Heart Failure syndromes. American Journal of Cardiology. 2007 Jan 22;99(2A):4A-23A.
Verheij J, et al. Cardiac response is greater for colloid than saline fluid loading after cardiac or vascular surgery. Intensive Care Medicine. 2006 Jul;32(7):1030-8.
Eldadah BA, et al. Failure of propranolol to prevent tilt-evoked systemic vasodilatation, adrenaline release and neurocardiogenic syncope. Clinical Science (London). 2006 Sep;111(3):209-16.
Naschitz JE, Slobodin G, Elias N, Rosner I. The patient with supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension: a clinical dilemma.Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2006 Apr;82(966):246-53.
Tipre DN, Goldstein DS. Cardiac and extracardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease with orthostatic hypotension and in pure autonomic failure. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2005 Nov;46(11):1775-81.
Peacock WF 4th, et al. Observation unit treatment of heart failure with nesiritide: results from the proaction trial. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2005 Oct;29(3):243-52.
More High Blood Pressure Q&A
Related Articles
Blood pressure - low
Low Blood Pressure (hypotension)
Fainting - Causes of Fainting
High Blood Pressure - FAQs
Smoking and Atherosclerosis - Smoking and Heart Disease
zSbL=3;zSB(2);zSbL=0
Sponsored Links
Causes Of TinnitusIs Tinnitus Driving You Mad? Banish Tinnitus In 3 Simple StepsBanish-Tinnitus.com
CAUSES Of AidsContribute To The World Movement Make A Mark Today! Spread The Wordwww.vir.us
Erectile dysfunction cureMedically approved aid increases blood flow and erection powerwww.blakoe.com
Blood ClotsWant to know more about Blood Clot? Visit Thrombosis Adviser now!www.Thrombosisadviser.com
Natural Prostate CareNo more urination and ejaculation problems for you!ayurstate.com
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What Is Low Blood Pressure Hypertension Causes Hypotension Symptoms Reducing Hypertension Environmental Causes
What is low blood pressure?
blood pressure (hypotension), but probably don't need to.
Some people have a blood pressure level that is lower than normal. In general this may be good news - because the lower your blood pressure is, the lower your risk of stroke or heart disease. However, in a few cases, having low blood pressure can cause problems, so you might need to speak to your doctor or nurse.
What is a low blood pressure reading?
A low blood pressure reading is having a level that is 90/60mmHg, or lower.
What causes low blood pressure?
Some people have a blood pressure level that is naturally low. That is, there is no specific cause or reason why.
However, some health conditions or medicines can cause you to develop low blood pressure.
Is low blood pressure dangerous?
Usually, having low blood pressure is not a cause for concern. However, sometimes your blood pressure can drop to a point where you may feel faint or dizzy.
If you find that your blood pressure is suddenly much lower than usual, there may be a reason for this. Speak to your doctor or nurse.
How is low blood pressure treated?
Most people with low blood pressure will not need treatment.
If your doctor or nurse feels that you would benefit from treatment, they will often try to find a cause for your low blood pressure. If they can find the cause, they should be able to decide on the most appropriate treatment for you.
More on blood pressure
What is blood pressure?
What is a normal blood pressure reading?
What is high blood pressure (hypertension)?
What high blood pressure can do
How lifestyle changes can lower your blood pressure
Medicines for high blood pressure
Using a home blood pressure monitor
DVD guide to blood pressure
Some people have a blood pressure level that is lower than normal. In general this may be good news - because the lower your blood pressure is, the lower your risk of stroke or heart disease. However, in a few cases, having low blood pressure can cause problems, so you might need to speak to your doctor or nurse.
What is a low blood pressure reading?
A low blood pressure reading is having a level that is 90/60mmHg, or lower.
What causes low blood pressure?
Some people have a blood pressure level that is naturally low. That is, there is no specific cause or reason why.
However, some health conditions or medicines can cause you to develop low blood pressure.
Is low blood pressure dangerous?
Usually, having low blood pressure is not a cause for concern. However, sometimes your blood pressure can drop to a point where you may feel faint or dizzy.
If you find that your blood pressure is suddenly much lower than usual, there may be a reason for this. Speak to your doctor or nurse.
How is low blood pressure treated?
Most people with low blood pressure will not need treatment.
If your doctor or nurse feels that you would benefit from treatment, they will often try to find a cause for your low blood pressure. If they can find the cause, they should be able to decide on the most appropriate treatment for you.
More on blood pressure
What is blood pressure?
What is a normal blood pressure reading?
What is high blood pressure (hypertension)?
What high blood pressure can do
How lifestyle changes can lower your blood pressure
Medicines for high blood pressure
Using a home blood pressure monitor
DVD guide to blood pressure
What Is High Blood Pressure?
High blood pressure (HBP) is a serious condition that can lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems.
"Blood pressure" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.
Overview
About 1 in 3 adults in the United States has HBP. HBP itself usually has no symptoms. You can have it for years without knowing it. During this time, though, it can damage the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other parts of your body.
This is why knowing your blood pressure numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine. If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, you need treatment to prevent damage to your body's organs.
Blood Pressure Numbers
Blood pressure numbers include systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart beats while pumping blood. Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.
You will most often see blood pressure numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is millimeters of mercury—the units used to measure blood pressure.)
The table below shows normal numbers for adults. It also shows which numbers put you at greater risk for health problems. Blood pressure tends to goes up and down, even in people who have normal blood pressure. If your numbers stay above normal most of the time, you're at risk.
Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults (in mmHg, or millimeters of mercury)
Category
Systolic(top number)
Diastolic(bottom number)
Normal
Less than 120
And
Less than 80
Prehypertension
120–139
Or
80–89
High blood pressure
Stage 1
140–159
Or
90–99
Stage 2
160 or higher
Or
100 or higher
The ranges in the table apply to most adults (aged 18 and older) who don't have short-term serious illnesses.
All levels above 120/80 mmHg raise your risk, and the risk grows as blood pressure levels rise. "Prehypertension" means you're likely to end up with HBP, unless you take steps to prevent it.
If you're being treated for HBP and have repeat readings in the normal range, your blood pressure is under control. However, you still have the condition. You should see your doctor and stay on treatment to keep you blood pressure under control.
Your systolic and diastolic numbers may not be in the same blood pressure category. In this case, the more severe category is the one you're in. For example, if your systolic number is 160 and your diastolic number is 80, you have stage 2 HBP. If your systolic number is 120 and your diastolic number is 95, you have stage 1 HBP.
If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, HBP is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. HBP numbers also differ for children and teens. (For more information, see "How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?")
Outlook
Blood pressure tends to rise with age. Following a healthy lifestyle helps some people delay or prevent this rise in blood pressure.
People who have HBP can take steps to control it and reduce their risks for related health problems. Key steps include following a healthy lifestyle, having ongoing medical care, and following the treatment plan that your doctor prescribes.
"Blood pressure" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.
Overview
About 1 in 3 adults in the United States has HBP. HBP itself usually has no symptoms. You can have it for years without knowing it. During this time, though, it can damage the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other parts of your body.
This is why knowing your blood pressure numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine. If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, you need treatment to prevent damage to your body's organs.
Blood Pressure Numbers
Blood pressure numbers include systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart beats while pumping blood. Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.
You will most often see blood pressure numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is millimeters of mercury—the units used to measure blood pressure.)
The table below shows normal numbers for adults. It also shows which numbers put you at greater risk for health problems. Blood pressure tends to goes up and down, even in people who have normal blood pressure. If your numbers stay above normal most of the time, you're at risk.
Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults (in mmHg, or millimeters of mercury)
Category
Systolic(top number)
Diastolic(bottom number)
Normal
Less than 120
And
Less than 80
Prehypertension
120–139
Or
80–89
High blood pressure
Stage 1
140–159
Or
90–99
Stage 2
160 or higher
Or
100 or higher
The ranges in the table apply to most adults (aged 18 and older) who don't have short-term serious illnesses.
All levels above 120/80 mmHg raise your risk, and the risk grows as blood pressure levels rise. "Prehypertension" means you're likely to end up with HBP, unless you take steps to prevent it.
If you're being treated for HBP and have repeat readings in the normal range, your blood pressure is under control. However, you still have the condition. You should see your doctor and stay on treatment to keep you blood pressure under control.
Your systolic and diastolic numbers may not be in the same blood pressure category. In this case, the more severe category is the one you're in. For example, if your systolic number is 160 and your diastolic number is 80, you have stage 2 HBP. If your systolic number is 120 and your diastolic number is 95, you have stage 1 HBP.
If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, HBP is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. HBP numbers also differ for children and teens. (For more information, see "How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?")
Outlook
Blood pressure tends to rise with age. Following a healthy lifestyle helps some people delay or prevent this rise in blood pressure.
People who have HBP can take steps to control it and reduce their risks for related health problems. Key steps include following a healthy lifestyle, having ongoing medical care, and following the treatment plan that your doctor prescribes.
Blood Diseases
DCI Home: Blood Diseases and Disorders
Anemia
Anemia, Aplastic
Anemia, Fanconi
Anemia, Hemolytic
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia, Pernicious
Anemia, Sickle Cell
Aplastic Anemia
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant
Blood Tests
Blood Transfusion
Bone Marrow Tests
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT, Thrombophlebitis)
Excessive Blood Clotting
Fanconi Anemia
Hemochromatosis
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemophilia
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Lymphocytopenia
Pernicious Anemia
Polycythemia Vera
Pulmonary Embolism
Rh Incompatibility
Sickle Cell Anemia
Thalassemias
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis
Thrombophlebitis (Deep Vein Thrombosis, DVT)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Von Willebrand Disease
Anemia
Anemia, Aplastic
Anemia, Fanconi
Anemia, Hemolytic
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia, Pernicious
Anemia, Sickle Cell
Aplastic Anemia
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant
Blood Tests
Blood Transfusion
Bone Marrow Tests
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT, Thrombophlebitis)
Excessive Blood Clotting
Fanconi Anemia
Hemochromatosis
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemophilia
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Lymphocytopenia
Pernicious Anemia
Polycythemia Vera
Pulmonary Embolism
Rh Incompatibility
Sickle Cell Anemia
Thalassemias
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis
Thrombophlebitis (Deep Vein Thrombosis, DVT)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Von Willebrand Disease
Blood Groups
Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions
The discovery of blood groups
Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person's blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer.
Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells.Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood groups and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.
What is blood made up of?
An adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood circulating in the body. Among other things, blood transports oxygen to various parts of the body.
Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma.The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues.The white blood cells fight infection.The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example.The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.
What are the different blood groups?
The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.
There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.
Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.
AB0 blood grouping system
According to the AB0 blood group system there are four different kinds of blood groups: A, B, AB or 0 (null).
Blood group AIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood group BIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood group ABIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.
Blood group 0If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
Rh factor blood grouping system
Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.
Blood group notation
According to above blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:
A Rh+
B Rh+
AB Rh+
0 Rh+
A Rh-
B Rh-
AB Rh-
0 Rh-
Do you know which blood group you belong to?
Blood typing – how do you find out to which blood group someone belongs?
A person with A+ blood receives B+ blood. The B antibodies (yellow) in the A+ blood attack the foreign red blood cells by binding to them. The B antibodies in the A+ blood bind the antigens in the B+ blood and agglutination occurs. This is dangerous because the agglutinated red blood cells break after a while and their contents leak out and become toxic.
1.You mix the blood with three different reagents including either of the three different antibodies, A, B or Rh antibodies.
2.Then you take a look at what has happened. In which mixtures has agglutination occurred? The agglutination indicates that the blood has reacted with a certain antibody and therefore is not compatible with blood containing that kind of antibody. If the blood does not agglutinate, it indicates that the blood does not have the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent.3.If you know which antigens are in the person's blood, it's easy to figure out which blood group he or she belongs to!
What happens when blood clumps or agglutinates?
For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate. The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient.The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in the same way that the B antigens can bind to the B antibodies. This is what would happen if, for instance, a B blood person receives blood from an A blood person. The red blood cells will be linked together, like bunches of grapes, by the antibodies. As mentioned earlier, this clumping could lead to death.
Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom?
People with blood group 0 Rh - are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB Rh+ are called "universal receivers."
Of course you can always give A blood to persons with blood group A, B blood to a person with blood group B and so on. But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group.The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump.
Blood Group
Antigens
Antibodies
Can give blood to
Can receive blood from
AB
A and B
None
AB
AB, A, B, 0
A
A
B
A and AB
A and 0
B
B
A
B and AB
B and 0
0
None
A and B
AB, A, B, 0
0
First published 3 December 2001
More about the discovery of the AB0 blood groups and Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner »
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